Apa Made Easy: Citation Bibliographic Research Software, APA Style guide

These pages will help you sort out some of the intricacies of APA Style, for manuscripts and references.

APA Style descriptions for title pages, margins, headings, etc..
This section provides you with illustrations and descriptions of proper APA style for the basic elements of a paper - the cover page, margins, headings & page numbering.

APA Style reference examples (for journal articles, books, web pages, etc.).
This section lists example bibliographic citations for the 94 types of source works listed in The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Scroll down the list to find an example of the type of source work you are trying to cite.
MS Word template for creating pre-formatted documents with APA Style settings built in.
Citation Bibliographic and Research Note software (for organizing notes & automatically writing APA style references).
All the information on this page is provided for free. We'd like to just mention our software products, of course (we are in business, after all) - just in case you decide you'd like to automate the processes of formatting papers and references in APA Style :).

What we've included here are summaries (some with illustrations) of the most important elements in proper APA manuscript format. Click on any of the links below to view the summaries.

All examples in this styleguide were generated from a bibliographic database, using Citation Bibliographic database software (click on the labels in the list below to see the original Citation record). View a presentation of how Citation works, download the trial version (a fully functional version of the software that remains active for 30 days) . . . . Better yet, purchase Citation now, risk free! We have a 90 day, unconditional, no-questions-asked guarantee. So why wait? Take advantage of this special offer and purchase Citation -- with full support for APA Reference Style -- for only $59.

Citations in the body of your paper - "intext" citations
APA Style requires "Short Form" citations in the text of the document, along with an alphabetized Reference List.
Citations in the text of the document should include the author's surname, the year of publication, and, when there is a specific quote from a source used, a page number where the quote is located in the text.
Example
Nothing seemed so certain as the results of the early studies (Tatt, 2001, p. 445). It was precisely this level of apparent certainty, however, which led to a number of subsequent challenges to the techniques used to process the data (Jones & Wayne, 2002, p. 879). There were a number of fairly obvious flaws in the data: consistencies and regularities that seemed most irregular, upon close scrutiny (Aarns, 2003; West, 2003, p. 457).
The Reference List for our sample would include full references for all the works cited in the paper:
References
                            
Aarns, G. (2003). Certain flaws. New York: Preston Press. 

Jones, M. R., & Wayne, H. D. (2002). Cooking the data? Science News, 
     8, 878-891.
    
Tatt, L. (2003). Suspect studies. In E. Moore (Ed.), Research methods.
     New York: Weston Press.

West, B. R. (2003, January 9). Studying the studies. RPA Monitor, 8,
     221.    
(See the section below for example reference list entries for different types of source works.)
Bibliographic entries in the Reference List
Click on the label for the example to see the Citation record for that type of source work

APA 01. Journal article, one author, journal paginated consecutively throughout the volume

Wolf, E. (1990). Distinguished lecture: Facing power. American Anthropologist,
     92, 586-596.

APA 02. Journal article, two authors, journal paginated by issue

Heilbrun, C., & Resnik, J. (1990). Convergences: Law, literature, and feminism. Yale
     Law Journal, 99, 1913-1950.

APA 03. Journal article, three to six authors

Evans, P., Preston, V., Jones, M., West, H., Cooper, B., & Williams, M. (2002). The
     astronomical timetable.. New York: Preston Press.

APA 04. Journal article, more than six authors

Mercer, E., Faria, R., White, J. R., Brent, C., Moore, M., Zygler, J. E., et al. (2003). The
     myth of depression. Health Culture, 9, 221-229.

APA 05. Journal article in press

Myers, B., & Ansler, M. (in press). Left, right, forward?: Racism and radical politics.
     Journal of Politics and Culture.

APA 06. Magazine article

Miller, J. H. (2001, April). The next interpretation of nothing. Cultural Trends,
     8+.

APA 07. Newsletter article

Broca, J. R. (2001, Fall). Artistic training as therapy. Art and Psychology Bulletin,
     21, 83-87.

APA 08. Newsletter article, no author

Understanding the new regulations. (2002, May). Scioto Valley Newsletter, 9,
     3-4.

APA 09. Daily newspaper article, no author

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15).
     The Washington Post,  p. A12.

APA 10. Daily newspaper article, discontinuous pages

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The
     Washington Post,  pp. A1, A4.

APA 11. Monthly newspaper article, letter to the editor

Mays, E. S. (2001, 11 June). The business of business [Letter to the editor]. Wall
     Street Journal,  p. 3.

APA 12. Entire issue of a journal; journal, special issue; special issue of a journal

Beasley, E. (Ed.). (2001). The new logic [Special issue]. Journal of Contemporary
     Philosophy, 9(6).

APA 13. Monograph with issue number and serial (or whole) number

Wisener, A., & Jameson, M. L. (2002). Parental understanding of pretense.
     Monographs of the Society for Research in Parenting, 78(3, Serial No.
     422).

APA 14. Monograph bound separately as a supplement to a journal

Bishop, A. L., & Bishop, P. S. (1999). Atmospheric anomalies. Journal of
     Experimental Geography Monographs, 70(3, Pt. 2).

APA 15. Monograph bound into journal with continuous pagination

West, M. D., Evans, C. B., & Mays, W. (1999). Validity of the Type B personality
     [Monograph]. Journal of Cultural Psychology, 82, 344-426.

Myers, W. L., & Jones, P. B. (1999). Cholinoceptive pyramidal cells [Abstract]. Society
     for Neuroscience Abstracts, 42, 320.

APA 17. Abstract from a secondary source; abstract, from a secondary source

Burrows, W. R., Ellitch, P. B., & Wilson, J. R. (2000). Cognitive functions of adolescents:
     Urban vs. rural. American Journal of Cultural Neuroscience, 8, 22-46.
     Abstract obtained from  PsycSCAN: Neuropsychology. 10 (Abstract No.
     994).

APA 18. Journal supplement; supplement, to a journal

Rogers, J. W., Kinner, R. L., & Weis, V. (2000). The architecture of the gravitational lens.
     Astronomicity, 16(Suppl. 2), 170-192.

APA 19. Periodical published annually

Swidler, A., & Arditi, J. (1994). The new sociology of knowledge. Annual Review of
     Sociology, 20, 305-329.

APA 20. Non-English journal article, title translated into English

Tremblay, G. (2000). La version fran鏰ise des lois constitutionnelles du Canada [The
     French version of the constitutional laws of Canada]. Les Cahiers de Droit,
     41, 33-60.

APA 21. English translation of a journal article, journal paginated by issue

von der Luhe, I. (1982). I without guarantees: Ingeborg Bachmann's Frankfurt lectures
     on Poetics (M. T. Kraus, Trans.). New German Critique, 8(27), 31-56.

APA 22. Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud:
     Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological
     Review, 100, 589-608.

APA 23. Book, third edition, Jr. in name

Massey, W. R., & Jameson, W. M., Jr. (2001). Organizational behavior and the new
     internet logic (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

APA 24. Book, group author (government agency) as publisher

Aguidar Bureau of Statistics. (2001). Rural and urban birthrate statistics (No.
     53.9877). Iswari, Asina-Waall Province: Author.

APA 25. Edited book

Gilbert, H. S., & Hart, L. N. (Eds.). (2000). Racism and mapmaking: Never a straight
     line?. New York: Preston Press.

APA 26. Book, no author or editor

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary. (10th ed.). (1998). Springfield, MA:
     Merriam-Webster.

APA 27. Book, revised edition

Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.).
     Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

APA 28. Several volumes in a multivolume edited work, publication over period of
more than 1 year

Anderson, J. B. (Ed.). (1989-1999). A history of mythology and culture (M.
     Arlan, Ed.) (Vols. 1-10). New York: Preston Press.

APA 29. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
     disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

APA 30. Encyclopedia or dictionary

Sanborn, W. B. (Ed.). (2001). Dictionary of tribal mythologies (4th ed., Vols.
     1-14). New York: Preston Press.

APA 31. Non-English book

Wolf, C. (1968). Nachdenken 黚er Christa T. [The quest for Christa T.]. Halle:
     Mitteldeutscher Verlag.

APA 32. English translation of a book

Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and punish (A. Sheridan, Trans.) (2nd ed.).
     Studies in Critical Theory. New York: Vintage Books (Original work
     published 1978).

APA 33. Brochure, corporate author

Winslow-Ames Consulting Group. (2003). Caring for the elderly: An intensive
     workshop (3rd ed.) [Brochure]. New York: Author.

APA 34. Article or chapter in an edited book, two editors

Gardener, E. D. (1988). Heretics. In S. Nevins & L. Bointer (Eds.), 16th Century
     England (pp. 327-384). London: Methaneon.

APA 35. Article or chapter in an edited book in press, 
separately titled volume in a multivolume work (two part title)

Anderson, W. R. (in press). Weakening the boundaries of insight. In J. Eddington & P.
     R. Burns (Eds.), Studies in military history. Vol. 2: Perspectives on racism: The
     new world order.. New York: Preston Press.

APA 36. Chapter in a volume in a series

Aarnsworth, E. (2002). Magnesotic irregularities in rock formations. In A. Beales & P. M.
     Jessing (Eds.), Handbook of Geology. Vol. 4: Southwestern US (5th ed.,
     pp. 97-121). New York: Preston.

APA 37. Non-English article or chapter in an edited book, title translated into English

Bourdieu, P. (1989). L'opinion publique [Public opinion]. In P. Campagne (Ed.), 50
     id閑s qui 閎ranlent le monde; dictonnaire de la Glasnost (pp. 204-206). Paris:
     P.U.F.

APA 38. Entry in an encyclopedia

Marchant, E. (2003). Gypsy oak. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 42,
     pp. 304-305). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

APA 39. English translation of an article or chapter in an edited book, 
volume in a multivolume work, republished work

Altallan, M. (2001). The Oxbird legacy. In T. Boynes (Ed. & Trans), The standard
     edition of the complete works of Altallan (Vol. 22, pp. 14-64). New York:
     Preston Press (Original work published 1973).

APA 40. English translation of an article or chapter in an edited book, 
reprinted from another source

Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piaget's theory (G. Gellerier, & J. Langer, Trans.). In K.
     Richardson & S. Sheldon (Eds.), Cognitive development to adolescence: A
     reader (pp. 3-18). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum (Reprinted from Manual of child
     psychology, 703-732, by P. Mussen, Ed., 1970, New York: Wiley).

APA 41. Report available from the government Printing Office (GPO), government
institute as author

National Institute of Mental Health. (1999). Psychodiagnosis: A bibliography
     (DHHS Publication No. 12-9022). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
     Office.

APA 42. Report available from the National Technical Information Service

Cohen, B. G. (2003). Human aspects in espionage equipment. Denver, CO:
     National Institute for International Security (NTIS No. PB87-240722).

APA 43. Report available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)

Josse, P. L. (1999). Writing in the classroom: Teaching with journals (Report No.
     NCRSL-BB-25-6). East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher
     Learning (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 988 082).

APA 44. Government report not available from GPO or a document deposit service
such as the NTIS or ERIC

Environmental Protection Agency. (1999). Progress report on the EPA acid rain
     program (EPA Publication No. 430-R-99-011). Rockville, MD: U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency.

APA 45. Government report not available from GPO or a document deposit service,
article or chapter in an edited collection

Gergen, D. M. (2001). Religious affiliation and mental health. In J. Minden (Ed.),
     Psychological studies in rural populations (NDR Publication No.
     93-42002, pp. 352-401). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human
     Services.

APA 46. Report from a university

Griggs, J. R., & Williams, H. M. (2001). Prevalence of land entitlement certificate
     forgeries (Tech. Rep. No. 17). Niederlanden, Eastern Isaawi: University of
     Guernsey, Crime Research Centre.

APA 47. Report from a university, edited report, monograph

Ansler, M. R., & Josse, F. (Eds.). (2001). Violence, media, and anxiety among
     adolescents (Redding Institute Research Monograph No. 25). New London:
     Weim University, Department of Education.

APA 48. Report from a private organization

Employee Benefit Research Institute. (1994, July). Baby boomers in retirement: What
     are their prospects? (Issue Brief No. 151). Washington, DC: Author.

APA 49a. Published proceedings, published contribution to a symposium, article or
chapter in an edited book

Muller, A. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). The mind's outer eye. In Alaska Symposium on
     Perspectives. Vol. 43: Perspectives on perspective (pp. 237-288). Fairbanks:
     University of Alaska Press.

APA 49b. Published proceedings, published contribution to a symposium, article or
chapter in an edited book

Muller, A. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). Alaska Symposium on Perspectives. Vol. 43:
     Perspectives on perspective. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.

APA 50. Proceedings published regularly

Woese, C. R. (2002). On the evolution of cells. Proceedings of the National Academy
     of Sciences, 99, 8742-8747.

APA 51b. Unpublished contribution to a symposium

Beales, J. (2001, May). Beyond seeing: Cultural blindness and lettering [Fieldnote data
     summary and slide presentation]. In  M. Wilkes (Chair), Textual
     perspectives. Symposium conducted at the 50th Annual Meeting of the
     Archaeological Society, New York.

APA 51c. Unpublished contribution to a symposium

Miller, A. S. (2003, May). Slide presentation and field note summary. In M. L. Irons,
     (Chair), Storytelling in rural gatherings. Symposium conducted at the
     meeting of the RGS, Marseilles, France.

APA 52. Unpublished paper presented at a meeting

Shimahara, N. K. (1983, November 18). Mobility and education of Buraku: The case
     of a Japanese minority.. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the
     American Anthropological Association, Chicago.

APA 53. Poster session

Durwith, N. (2001, June). Indexing surveys: Software that works.. Poster session
     presented at the annual meeting of the Political Science Society, Washington, DC.

APA 54. Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International and
obtained on university microfilm

Winters, S. L. (2001). Health care programs and rural population growth (Diss,
     University of Agal, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International, 66, 834B
     (UMI No. AAD66-26988).

APA 55. Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International and
obtained from university

Gans, E. L. (1982). The discovery of illusion (Doctoral dissertation, Johns Hopkins
     University, 1981). Dissertation Abstracts International, 27, 3046A.

APA 56. Unpublished doctoral dissertation

Roberts, M. B. (2001). Land use and the law.. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
     University of Illinois.

APA 57. Unpublished master's thesis, university outside the United States

Sanchez, E. (2001). Druidic dreams: Paluo's letters from the isle of Skye..
     Unpublished master's thesis, University of Agal, Agal, West Zaapen, Dept
     English.

APA 58. Unpublished manuscript not submitted for publication

Myers, B. (1992). The regimental rituals.. Unpublished manuscript.

APA 59. Unpublished manuscript with a university cited

Nomiya, D. (1988). Urbanization and income inequality: A cross-national study..
     Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina,
     Chapel Hill, NC.

APA 60. Manuscript in progress or submitted for publication but not yet accepted

Anderson, M. J. (2001). War and journalism: A brief history of history..
     Manuscript submitted for publication (copy on file with author).

APA 61. Unpublished raw data from study, untitled work

Deaux, M., & Wise, A. R. (1993). [Auditory response latencies in rat auditory cortex].
     Unpublished raw data.

APA 62. Publication of limited circulation

Chambers, W. R. (Ed.). (2002). INAC Projects.  (Available from the Isaawian
     Nation Arts Council).

APA 63. Review of a book

Landower, A. (2002). Reading the ropes of the new reality [Review of the book
     Under glass ties: The new media fantasy of realism]. Contemporary
     Culture, 42, 533-567.

APA 64a. Review of a film or motion picture

Reiner, E. J. (2001, 20 May). Breaking away: A tradition of rebellion [Review of the
     motion picture Bernice's sandals] (dir. Anthony Peters). New
     Media, p. 45.

APA 64b. Review of a video

Betisse, N. (2001). Visual visor: A videotext of art history studies [Review of the video
     program Discovering Culture]. Contemporary Culture, 42,
     3467-3499.

APA 65a. Audiovisual media, film or motion picture

Mendelson, I. (Producer) & Axelson, E. (Writer/director). (2001). One for the
     money [Motion picture]. United States: Siren Screens.

APA 65b. Film, limited circulation

Veron, E. (Producer) & Pickard, N. L. (Director). (1999). Tangoesque: light leg
     language [Motion picture]. (Available from Dance Am Inst., 73 West 74th,
     Suite 160, New York, NY 10023).

APA 66. Television broadcast

Lott, B., & Frank, S. H. (Prod.). (2001, Sept. 10). The NewsHour with Jim
     Lehrer [Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public
     Broadcasting Service.

APA 67. Television series

Michaels, D. A. (Producer). (2002). The heart [Television series]. New York:
     WNET.

APA 68a. Single episode from a television series

Hall, B. (Writer) & Sackheim, D. (Director). (1999). The last word. In J. DeWitt, A.
     Brenneman, & N. Chaidez (Producters), Judging Amy [Television
     series episode]. New York: New York Broadcasting Company.

APA 69a. Music recording

Bruel, P. (1999). Au cafe des delices. On Juste Avant [CD]. Paris: MM
     Musique.

APA 69b. Rerecording by artist other than writer

Jones, J. (2002). The winding [Recorded by A. Berry, & P. Miller]. On Wind water
     and sand [CD]. Bay Point, RI: Real Records. (1982).

APA 70. Audio recording

Miro, J. L. (Speaker). (2001). Pressure, poison, and the physics of purity
     (Cassette recording No. 310-450-88-B). Washington, DC: International Society of
     Mystery Writers.

APA 71. Internet article based on a print source

Lessing, J. P. (2001). The physics of cultural magnets. Journal of Anthropological
     Studies, 8, 273-299. Retrieved July 3, 2002, from
     http://jas.org/2001-8-lessing.html.

APA 73. Article in an Internet-only journal, retrieved via file transfer protocol

Mercer, K. R. (2001). The matter at hand: Chaos is nothing. Atomic Psychology,
     6, Article056a. Retrieved 21 December 2001, from
     ftp://www.atomicpsychology.edu/mercer.

APA 74. Article in an Internet-only newsletter

Cherchneff, I. (1997, July). The exhaust fumes of stars. Physics@UMIST Research
     Newsletter(2). Retrieved from
     http://www.phy.umist.ac.uk/Research/research_NL/NewsLetter2/nl2.shtml.

APA 75. Multipage document created by private organization, no date

Commit to be fit! Arlington Chapter. (n.d.). Heart helps: Ten 10 minute
     workouts. Retrieved August 5, 2002, from
     http://www.fitcommit.org/10minuteworkouts.

APA 76. Chapter or section in an Internet document

Petrie Environmental Watch Center. (2002, Aug. 2). Recent conservation legislation. In
     Law and land use in Petrie County (section 2). Retrieved August 3, 2002,
     from http://www.petriecenter.org/landuse/legislation/2.htm.

APA 77. Stand-alone document, no author identified, no date

TechNo's adolescent quotient questionnaire. (n.d.). Retrieved August 5, 2002,
     from http://www.asnu.edu/TechNo/AQQ.htm.

APA 78. Document available on university program or department web site

Reibel, J. H. (1994). Pedagogy for the 21st century. Retrieved January 1, 2002,
     from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site:
     http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/ILTpedagogy.html.

APA 79. Report from a university, available on private organization web site

University of Manne, Center for Medical Education. (2001, December). Patients as
     effective educators in chronic conditions. Retrieved Aug. 2, 2002, from the
     Milbrook Memorial Fund Web site:
     http://www.mmf.org/reports/patients.html/.

APA 80. US government report available on government agency web site, no
publication date indicated

United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.). Federal sentencing statistics by
     state. Retrieved Aug 2, 2002, from
     http://www.ussc.gov/JUDPACK/JP2000.htm.

APA 81. Report from a private organization, available on organization web site

ResearchFirst, Ltd. (2001, Jan. 1). Conservation easements and land use.
     Retrieved May 2, 2002, from
     http://www.researchfirst.org/jan/publications/conservation.pdf.

APA 82. Abstract of a technical report retrieved from a university web site

Celifano, C. R., & Roland, W. M. (2001). Measured rates of glacial melting in 4
     locations (ORSI Polar Research Institute Report No. 14). Abstract retrieved
     May 5, 2002, from http://www.orsi.edu/npri/14.htm.

APA 83. Paper presented at a symposium, abstract retrieved from university web
site

Dietrich, E. (2002, January 16). The left hand meets the right brain. Paper
     presented at the 2002 Symposium on Neurocentric Art. Abstract retrieved May 3,
     2003, from http://www.nacouncil.org/2002Symposium/dietrich.htm.

APA 84. Paper presented at a virtual conference

Genile, P. (2003). Natural wealth and the national agenda. Paper presented at
     the NatureWatch 2003 online conference. Retrieved May 16, 2003, from
     http://naturewatch.org/Politics&Plants2003.

APA 85. Message posted to a newsgroup

Williams, A. (2003, January 4). New tectonic tracking techniques [Msg 3]. Message
     posted to news://sci.geology.hawaii.

APA 86. Message posted to online forum or discussion group

Beales, M. S. (2003, February 2). Strategic planning software can replace post-it notes
     [Msg 26]. Message posted to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/nonprofit.

APA 87. Message posted to an electronic mailing list

Harris, B. (2003, March 4). Version tracking: Keeping records of editorial changes.
     Message posted to TheWriteDirection electronic mailing list, archived at
     http://writedirection.net/mail-archive/msg00124.html.

APA 88. Electronic copy of a journal article, three to five authors, retrieved from
database

Jameson, M. M., Wilson, A. E., & Myers, B. R. (2003). Managing managers in the
     changing workplace. Journal of Management and Culture, 43, 423-450.
     Retrieved April 15, 2003, from alaJOURNALS database.

APA 89. Daily newspaper article, electronic version available by search

Nottingham, B. (2003, March 3). Toying with industrial restraints. New Amsterdam
     Beacon.. Retrieved April 4, 2003, from http://www.nabeacon.com.

APA 90. Electronic copy of an abstract obtained from a secondary database

Otsu, T., & Saito, T. (1990). The problem of local optimality with OSMOD.
     Psychometrika, 55(3), 517-518. Abstract retrieved May 13, 2003, from
     PsycINFO database.

APA 91. Electronic version of US government report available by search from GPO
Access database (on the web)

U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997, February). Telemedicine: Federal strategy is
     needed to guide investments (Publication no. GAO/NSAID/HEHS-97-67).
     Retrieved September 15, 2000, from General Accounting Office Reports Online
     via GPO Access:
     http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/acces/aces160.shtml?/gao/index. html.

APA 92. Computer software

Erickson, R. S. (2003). Xcelcior.. (Computer software).

APA 93. Computer software and manual available on university web site

Benzinger, A. (2003). Anti-plagiarism software for educators
     [http://www.nisu-c.edu/faculty/academics/benzinger/APS.htm]. (Computer
     software and manual).

APA 94. Data file, available from government agency

National Educator Interview Survey-Current education topics: 2003. (Version 6)
     [Data file]. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Higher Education Statistics.

APA 95. Data file, available from NTIS web site

Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics. (2003).
     National Extended Care Facility Roster [Data file]. Available from
     National Technical Information Service Web Site: http://www.ntis.gov.