Citation Guide
Edited by: Julia Johns, Tom Fox, and Ronald Silvia
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Contents
The APA (American Psychological Association) style is
the preferred means of citing resources in the social sciences circle. The APA
writing manual is in its 5th edition (2001).
APA style is used when writing a psychological paper
or any social sciences paper. It is a helpful style when most sources are from
published journals, articles, and frequently published works.
APA references focus on
the date and title of a research source instead of the author. This is because one author or journal can have three similar
articles, as well as because scientific
information changes.
General
Guidelines
1. Center
title an inch below the top of the page.
2. Arrange
citations in alphabetical order.
3. Double
space the lines.
4. Add
the page number and the shortened text title in the page’s upper right hand
corner.
Example:
Title Page #
References
Book Author, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Book Title. (Vols. Volume#(s)). In First Initial. Middle Initial. Editor Last Name (Ed.), Published City, Published State: Publisher.
Web Document Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). In Web Document Title. (chap. Chapter/Section). Retrieved Month. Day, Year, from URL Address
General
Guidelines
1. All
in-text citations direct the reader to the appropriate source in the Reference
List at the end of the text.
2. Author
last name and source publication year are typically included in an in-text
citation.
3. Location of cited information within its source is
specified by noting the page (p.), paragraph (para.), chapter (chap.), figure
(fig.), etc... number after the publication year in
parentheses.
Author
Cited Within Text
Format: [Author Last Name] ([Year
Published]) sentence.
Example: Dr. Milton (2004) theorizes that
there is correlation between students’ expressions in a class and the grade
that the students earn in that class.
Author
Not Cited Within Text
Format: Sentence ([Author Last Name], [Year
Published]).
Example: There is a correlation between students’ expressions in a class and the
grade that the students earn in that class (
Direct
Quotation
Format: Sentence ([Author Last Name], [Year
Published], [Page Number(s)]).
Example: “There is a correlation between students’ expressions in a class and
the grade that the students earn in that class” (Milton,
2004, p. 2).
General
Guidelines
1. Footnotes
are used to provide information that is not essential to the thesis of the
text.
2. Footnotes are used sparingly.
3. Statements,
for which there is information in the footnotes, are superscripted with a
sequential number that corresponds with the relevant footnote.
4. The
footnotes page is placed at the end of the text preceding the Reference List
page.
Page
Setup
1. The
heading of the footnotes page (Footnotes) is centered without punctuation or
text effects.
2. Footnotes
are numbered with superscripts. One space exists between the superscript and
the first word of a footnote.
Example:
1 Birtha Fredericson ...
2 Carlos Careezma ...
3. Footnotes are double spaced.
In most styles, the only difference between footnotes
and endnotes is their location within the text. Traditionally,
endnotes are located on a separate page and footnotes are located at the bottom
of the page on which their associated statements appear. APA style is an
exception to these endnote/footnote distinctions. APA footnotes replace
endnotes, but the footnotes appear in the traditional location of endnotes (on
a separate page preceding the reference list).
Additional information may be found at the American
Psychological Association website (http://www.apastyle.org/).
The MLA (Modern Language Association) writing style [MLA Handbook
for Writers of Research Papers] is the leading means of documentation in the educational and literary world.
The current MLA writing manual is the sixth edition
(2003). A new manual has been
published about once every decade over the approximately fifty years of MLA
style’s existence.
The MLA writing style is often
used by writers who are not required to use a particular writing style.
The MLA style focuses on citing information about the
author of a research source. Who created a source
is more significant than when it was published.
General
Guidelines
1. Center
title an inch below the top of the page.
2. Arrange
citations in alphabetical order.
3. Double
space lines without extra blank lines between the citations.
4. Indent
the second line of each citation and each line thereafter.
Example:
Last Name Page #
Works Cited
Book Author Last Name, Author First Name. Book Title. ed. Editor First Name Editor Last Name. City Published: Publisher, Year.
Website Author Last Name, Author First Name. Site Title. ed. Editor First Name Last Name. Publication Day Month. Year. Accessed Day Month. Year. <URL Address>.
General
Guidelines
1. All
in-text citations direct the reader to the appropriate source in the Works
Cited page at the end of the text.
2. Author
last name and page number(s) are typically included in an in-text citation.
3. There
is no punctuation between the author last name and
the page number(s).
4. Page numbers are listed without the following terms:
pages, p., pgs.
Author
Cited Within Text
Format: [Author Last Name] sentence ([Page
Number(s)]).
Example: Susan Corning’s research paper about the
past, present, and future status of the Environmental Protection Agency shows
why protecting the environment is a “global issue”
(71).
Author
Not Cited Within Text
Format: Sentence ([Author Last Name] [Page
Number(s)]).
Example: “The world population is not increasing exponentially” (Smith 99).
General
Guidelines
1. Footnotes
are used to specify pages/sections of sources, listed on the Works Cited page,
that are relevant to specific statements in the text.
2. Footnotes
are also used to provide information that is not essential to the thesis of the
text.
3. Statements,
for which there is information in the footnotes, are superscripted with a sequential
number. The number corresponds with the relevant comment within the footnotes.
Page
Setup
1. Unlike
Endnotes (which are located on a separate page), footnotes are located at the
bottom of the numbered page on which the superscripted statement appears.
2. The heading of the footnotes page (Notes) is centered in
plain text without punctuation or font effects (such as bolding or
italicization).
3. Footnotes
are numbered with superscripts. One space exists between the superscript and the
first word of a footnote.
Example:
1 Birtha Fredericson ...
2 Carlos Careezma ...
4. Each footnote is single spaced but there is a double
space between each footnote.
General
Guidelines
1. Endnotes
may be used to specify pages/sections of sources, listed on the Works Cited
page, that are relevant to specific statements in the text.
2. Statements,
for which there is information in the endnotes, are superscripted with a
sequential number. The number corresponds with the relevant comment on the endnotes
page.
Page
Setup
1. Endnotes
are located on a separate numbered page at the end of the text.
2. The
endnotes page succeeds the text body and precedes the Works Cited page.
3. Five
spaces are inserted between the left margin and the first line of each endnote.
4. Endnotes
are numbered with superscripts. One space exists between the superscript and
the first word of an endnote.
Example:
1 Birtha Fredericson ...
2 Carlos Careezma ...
5. Endnotes
are double spaced.
Additional information may be found at the Modern
Language Association website (http://www.mla.org/).
The CMS (Chicago Manual
of Style) writing style was first
used in 1890 by students at the University of Chicago. The current CMS writing
manual is the 15th edition. The 15th edition is
said to be the biggest update in 20 years.
The CMS
writing style is used in the humanities community
with such topics as art, history, and literature. If the MLA style is not
mandatory, CMS style is a great alternative.
CMS is
known as one of the most simplistic and concise
means of citation. Like MLA, CMS style focuses on citing information about the
author, rather than the date, of a research source.
General
Guidelines
1. The
title is centered an inch below the top of the page.
2. Citations
are arranged in alphabetical order.
3. Citations are double spaced between entries, but single
spaced within the entry.
4. The
first line of each citation is aligned with the left margin and the subsequent
lines are indented five spaces.
Example:
Bibliography
Book Author Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Book Title. City Published: Publisher, Year Published.
Website Author Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Site Title. Created Day Month Year. <URL Address> (Accessed Day Month Year).
General
Guidelines
1. All in-text citations direct the reader to the
appropriate source in the Endnotes at the end of the text.
2. Endnotes
are a list of the sources ordered and numbered according to the sequential
number of the corresponding in-text citation. See the CMS Endnotes for
additional information.
3. The
first in-text citation is superscripted with a 1, the second in-text citation
is superscripted with a 2, and the numbering continues sequentially.
Superscripts are placed after any punctuation except a dash.
Format: SentenceN.
* N= the
sequential number of the in-text citation.
Example:
Fill a clear glass lamp
with seashells, dried flowers, marbles, or other items to enhance the look of
your home in a functional way.15
General
Guidelines
1. Footnotes
are used to provide complete publication information for unoriginal content or
structure of a text.
2. Any
text, for which there is information in the Footnotes, is superscripted with a
sequential number. The number corresponds with the relevant comment in the
Footnotes at the bottom of the page.
Format: [Footnote Number (Superscript of
Corresponding In-Text Citation)]. [Author Full Name], [Source
Title] ([Publication Location]: [Publisher Name], [Issue
Day (Unabbreviated) Month Year]), [Page Numbers Without p. or pp.].
Example: 3. Peggy Pie, The
Kooky Cook's Cookie Cookbook (New York: Sweet Tooth Press, 31 December
1989), 312.
General
Guidelines
1. Endnotes
are used to provide complete publication information for each unoriginal idea
or aspect of a text.
2. Any text,
for which there is information in the endnotes, is superscripted with a
sequential number. The number
corresponds with the relevant comment on the endnotes page.
Page Setup
1. The
first line of each note is indented 3-5 spaces.
2. The endnote number is not a superscript and it is always
followed by a period and a space.
3. Endnotes
are double spaced.
Format: [Endnote Number (Superscript of
Corresponding In-Text Citation)]. [Author Full Name], [Source
Title] ([Publication Location]: [Publisher Name], [Issue
Day (Unabbreviated) Month Year]), [Page Numbers Without p. or pp.].
Example: 3. Peggy Pie,
The Kooky Cook's Cookie Cookbook (New York: Sweet
Tooth Press, 31 December 1989), 312.
Additional
information may be found at the Chicago Manual of Style website (http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/).
The CSE
(Council of Science Editors) was established in 2000. CSE is an extension of
the Council of Biology Editors (CBE), which was originally formed in 1957. The
CSE goal is to develop an internationally congruent writing style to foster
communication and abundant information.
CSE is
used for work with hard sciences or international purposes. CSE is unsuitable
for literary work because of the detail it requires.
Like the
APA style, the CSE style focuses on citing the date, rather than the author, of
a source. The CSE referencing formats include details that help differentiate
similar articles in the same work.
General
Guidelines
1. List
sources in the order in which relevant citations appear in the text.
2. Double
space lines without extra blank lines between the citations.
3. Add
the page number and abbreviated title heading to the page’s upper right hand
corner.
Example:
Heading Page #
Cited References
Web Document Author. Site Title [home page on the Internet]. Published City (Published State): Publisher; Year Month Day. [cited Year Month Day]. Available from: URL Address.
Book Author Last Name, First Initial. Book Title. City Published (State Published): Publisher; Year. Total Page Numbers p.
General
Guidelines
1. All
in-text citations direct the reader to the appropriate source in the “Cited
References” list at the end of the text.
2. “Cited
References” are a list of the sources arranged and numbered according to the
superscript number of the corresponding in-text citations. The “Cited
References” are on a separate page than the text. The “Cited References” are
only different from the “Bibliography” in that the sources are sequentially
numbered rather than alphabetized.
3. The
first in-text citation is superscripted 1, the second citation is superscripted
2, and the numbering continues sequentially.
4. Superscript
font size is smaller than the font size used in body of the text.
5. As an
alternative to superscripts, the number of the citation is placed within
parentheses at the end of the sentence(s).
Entire Sentence(s)
Format: Sentence(s)[In-Text
Citation Sequential Number].
Example: It is important to understand the
implications of the word problem, as well as the logic of the formulas used to
find the correct answer1.
Part of
Sentence
Format: Sentence start[In-Text
Citation Sequential Number]sentence end.
Example: They have been proven to play different
but vital roles in the ecosystem2 and students should plant them on
Earth Day.
General
Guidelines
1. Footnotes
provide brief extra information in a text. If the additional information is not
brief, then use endnotes.
2. Use
footnotes in scientific tables, but not in texts. A parenthetic statement is an
alternative way to provide extra information in text.
3. Footnoted
items are superscripted with a sequential lowercase letter that corresponds
with the relevant footnote.
Parenthetic Statement: The Footnote Alternative
Footnotes
can interrupt readers, increase composition costs, and take up space on pages.
Instead of footnoting brief notes, use parenthetic statements as illustrated
below:
Format: Sentence ([comment]) sentence.
Example: The turtle consumed
Format: Sentence ([comment]).
Example: As the level of steam in the room
increased, volunteer numbers 16, 30, and 31 left (treated at Dobed Hospital; Frumps, North Dakota).
General
Guidelines
1. Endnotes
provide interesting, helpful, or unneeded information or comments. They are
used when extra information is too long to include in a parenthetic statement.
2. Endnoted items are superscripted with a sequential
lowercase letter that corresponds with the relevant endnote.
3. Endnotes
pages are at the end of chapters with a heading such as "Notes". The
superscript "a" is used for the first endnote in every chapter.
4. Endnotes
are in alphabetical order as they appear sequentially in the composition. If
all of the endnotes in a partitioned text are at the end of the text, rather
than at the end of the sections, then they must be partitioned by text section.
5. Font
is 1 to 2 points smaller than the composition's font size.
Entire
Sentence(s)
Format: Sentence(s)[Endnote
Sequential Letter].
Example: The sour cream is
Part of
Sentence
Format: Sentence start[Endnote
Sequential Letter] sentence end.
Example: To prevent injury, polishing solutionsb should not be used on chairs or
floors.
Endnotes
Layout
Format:
Notes
a. [note]
b. [note]
c. [note]
Example:
Notes
a. Dairy Dells
sour cream is packaged by Jispis Wrapping. There is
an error rate of .02%.
b. Multi-surface
cleansers that explicitly suggest floor applications on the container are
acceptable.
Additional
information may be found at the Council of Science Editors website (http://www.councilscienceeditors.org/).