??????????????2005??2??

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??????????  200438?

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Abstract: This article has four parts in it, devoted chiefly to what Dr. Eugene A. Nida has achieved academically and as a language consultant of the American Bible Society, what he has done about translation theory and practice, and how he looks at literal translation. This article is also meant as a recommendation of his latest book Fascinated by Language.

Key words: theory, practice, literal translation, liberal translation

 

??????H319    ??????A    ?????1004?6038?2005?02?0059?05

    1?????

??????????????????96?????100?????????????13??????2003???89?????????????

??????????????????????2001??????Language and Culture????????????????????????40???????250???2003?????·?????????John Benjamins Publishing Company??????Fascinated by Language???????????????????????????????????29?????????1996?????????????????????? (important articles) 111?????????1998???????13??????????????? (handbooks)????????????????????1961????12??1972?1983???

??????????????????Bible Translating?????1946??????????????????Toward a Science of Translating?????1964????????????????The Theory and Practice of Translation??????·???Charles R. Taber???????1969???????????????Fascinated by Language??2003??????·?????????John Benjamins Publishing Company????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????157????65?????????????

????????????: ?????????????????????????????????????135?????

“Lecturers and writers frequently refer to me as a Bible translator who learned something about linguistics and translation. But I have never translated a chapter of the Bible for publication, nor have I ever been a member of a translating committee. I am simply a linguist specializing in language and cultural anthropology, and because of this I was invited by the American Bible Society to find out why so many of their publications of the Scriptures were so seldom read and so frequently misunderstood.”“?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”????????

?????????????????????????1943?1981???38???????????????????????????language consultant????????????????

?????????????????????????????

???????????????????Fascinated by Language????139?????“In writing all my different books and articles, I have always endeavored to test ideas with audiences by encouraging their responses and by carefully reading their facial expressions as I speak. I am extremely indebted to those who question what I have said and who argue with me. In a recent series of lectures in ten different universities in China, I asked people to write out their questions and comments, which I responded to as meaningfully as I could but I kept all the slips and used them as the basis for the book on Contexts in Translating .”“?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”

?????????????????????????????1998?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???Fascinated by Language????140????????????????????an eclectic and a pragmatic?????“In the three areas of research in which I have been involved throughout my life, namely, linguistics, cultural anthropology, and Bible translation, I have always been fearful of holistic systems, whether ideological or linguistic, but I have always been open to ideas that produce valuable and measurable results. Particular data and insights can be accepted as relevant and true, but building these into systems of thought can stifle creativity and lock minds shut to new evidence.”“???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”?????????????????????????????

 

    2. ??????

       ?????????????????????????Classical Greek???????????????????????????????????Bloomfield??????Sapir?????????Malinowsky???????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????Patristics???????the writings of the early church Fathers?????1998????The New Oxford Dictionary of English??????????????the branch of Christian theology that deals with the lives, writings, and doctrines of the early Christian theologians?????????“??????”?

1941???????????????????????????1943??????????????????North?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????1946???????Bible Translating????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?Fascinated by Language???7????“In checking manuscripts with translators, I frequently encountered fascinating solutions to widespread problems, but the local translators often did not have the time or thought they did not have the experience to write about such matters. Accordingly, I asked them to tell me as much as they could about what they or we had discovered, and then I would write an article if they would permit the use of their names as authors.”“???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”

???????????????????????????????“??????????????????????????????”??Fascinated by Language????7????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????1946????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Fascinated by Language?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????1964??????????????????“????”(dynamic equivalence) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????138??????????????“father of modern translating”?????????“grandfather”??????“Archimedes”???????“patriarch”??????????????????????

??????????????????“??”???“????”???????80?????????????????????????“????”????????????????????????????

?????????Toward a Science of Translation?????????????????????Science????????a??????the?????????toward a science of translation????a scientific study of translation????????Toward a Science of Translation?????“??????????”????“??????”?“??????”?????????“??????????”????????????

???????????2004?11?9???????,??????????a scientific study of translation???the study of translation as a science????11???????“In any case, my book Toward a Science of Translation is, of course, a Scientific Study of Translation. The contents of my book should make clear my intent.”???????Toward a Science of Translation?????“????????”????????????????

80???????????Toward a Science of Translation???“??????”????????????????????????????“???????”????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“???????”?????????????????

???“????”?????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????2000??5????????????????Fascinated by Language????77?????????????“Translators learn to translate by translating because the process of translating is essentially a skill and not a content-learning, as in history. And because translating is a skill, it must be demonstrated, not just talked about. In fact, one of the best ways to learn how to translate is to pay close attention to how an expert translator explains precisely what he or she is doing in the process of transferring the meaning of a source text into a receptor language.”?“???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”?“Some of the best translators know practically nothing about linguistics or sociolinguistics, or even sociosemiotics. But they do know how to understand texts both objectively and subjectively, and they produce excellent examples of the close natural equivalent in meaning and impact.”?“??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”?

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Fascinated by Language???75?????????????????“Lectures that include plenty of appropriate examples can communicate a great deal about actual translation principles and practice, but people learn far more from guided practice than from lectures.”“???????????????????????????????????????????????”????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Fascinated by Language????117???132?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Fascinated by Language????33?????????????????????????????????????constant desire ?to be as clear as possible regardless of the complications in terminology and grammar??

????????????????????????Fascinated by Language????33????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“?????????????????????????????????some important mathematical concepts relating to communication, namely, graph theory, dimension theory, information theory, and isomorphs?”????????????????????????“?????????????????”?I had been studying with some friends working in advanced mathematics??

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

 

    3???????????

2000???????????????“My ideas have changed substantially, especially as the result of seeing what is happening in so many schools of translating here in Europe. I myself was too optimistic about the possibility of applying linguistics, sociolinguistics, and semiotics to the issues of translation.”“???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”????????2000??5??????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????40?????????????????????????????“???????????”???????????????????????Newmark????????

????????????????1943?????????????????????????????????????????????????????Yipounou language???????????????????????????????????????????????????……????????????????????…… ?…it was not the specific words but the meaning of the Greek text that was important….?

?Fascinated by Language????3????????????“But this was only the first of many such experiences in helping translators see through and beyond the words to the meaning of the text.”“????????????????????????????????????????????”?????????????????????

??????????????????????

????????“Translating means translating the meaning.”??????????????????????

???????????“????”??1969???????·??????????????????????“????”??????“????”(functional equivalence)??1993????????????Language, Culture and Translating?????????????116??????“????”?????“Translating means communicating, and this process depends on what is received by persons hearing or reading a translation. Judging the validity of a translation can not stop with a comparison of corresponding lexical meanings, grammatical classes, and rhetorical devices. What is important is the extent to which receptors correctly understand and appreciate the translated text. Accordingly, it is essential that functional equivalence be stated primarily in terms of a comparison of the way in which the original receptors understood and appreciated the text and the way in which receptors of the translated text understand and appreciate the translated text.”“???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”??????????functional equivalence??“????”????“????”????????????????????????????????????????????????????????function???“??”????“??”??????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????

Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.

??????????????????“?????????????????????????????????????????????????”???????????equivalent??“???”?

???????????????????????“???”??????“?”???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??4???????????????????????????????????4?28??????????????equivalent????????????????

“I understand you as meaning that the translated version should be so close to the source version and read so natural in the receptor language that both of them can function equivalently first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. You don't think that there are in the receptor language expressions that can be considered as counterparts of those in the source language when a translator is translating a text.”“??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”

4?29????????“You are entirely right about your interpretation of equivalence.”? ??“??”?????????

????????????????????????????“??????????????????????????????????”???????????????????????????????equivalent?????????????????

Fascinated by Language???????????????53?54????????????????????76???????“The greatest obstacle to effective translating of religious texts is the prevalence of‘word worship’, the feeling that seemingly important words must always be translated in the same way. Such a practice almost always results in skewing the meaning of the original and making artificial the form of the resulting translation.”“???????????????????“????”?????????????????????????????????????????????”?80??????????????????????????????????????

????????????????2000????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????·????Peter Newmark??????????????????A Textbook of Translaion????????????????????“The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. The argument has been going on since at least the first century BC.”“????????????????????????????????????????????”?????2001?????????????45??

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Hawkes?????????Minford????????????????????????“????????????????????????????·????????????????????????????????????”?????????????84?????????????????1997????????????????????????????????????????????

?Fascinated by Language????2??????“…in 1943 Dr. Eric M. North, president of the American Bible Society, decided that perhaps a linguist could explain why so many copies of the Scriptures were simply not read or understood, and I was asked to help find some of the answers to a crucial set of problems.”“……1943???????????????·?????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????40??????????????111????????????????????????????????????????????functional equivalence????????????????????

 

    4????

?2000??5?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“?????”?“???????????????????”?“???????”????

???????????????????????????????“I am extremely indebted to those who question what I have said and who argue with me.”???????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????“?????”???“???????”?????????

?????????????????????????????????????????“…the best professional translators and interpreters have little or no use for the various theories on interlingual communication. They regard them as largely a waste of time, especially since most professional translators regularly and consistently violate so many of the rules laid down by the theorists.”“……?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2000??5????????????”

????????“??????”????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“?????”?

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

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? Eugene A. Nida?Fascinated by Language, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003

? Eugene A. Nida?Contexts in Translating, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2001

? Peter Newmark?A Textbook of Translation, ??????????2001

? ??????????2000??5?????????????