???????2012??4???78-83?
??????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????/???????????????????????
Translation with
Commentary and its Pedagogical Implications
Abstract: Translation with commentary, or annotation translation, has been widely taught and practiced in tertiary institutions of translation education in many countries and regions. Given that this pedagogic procedure for training professional translators is largely overlooked in the translation programs offered in Chinese universities and colleges, this paper starts with a discussion of the motivation behind and theoretical foundation of this procedure, and a review of its applications and researches in the west. The authors then present a case of translation with commentary they carried out and consider, with reference to the case, the merits of this procedure in translator training, notably the raising of trainee translators’ awareness of the translation process, the promotion of their internalization of the fundamental principles and methods of translation, and a more accurate assessment of students’ learning outcomes on the part of instructors.
Keywords: translation with commentary, introspective/retrospective translation, translation pedagogy, metacognition, self-monitoring of the translation process
??????translation with commentary?????????annotated translation)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Williams & Chesterman?2002?????????????????????????????????????“????”?translation commentary????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Adab 2000; Fox 2000; Martinez & Hurtaso 2001?????80????????Robert Bly?????????????1984?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????think-aloud protocols???TAPs????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Chesterman & Wagner 2002; Colina 2003??
????????????????????????????????Holz-Mänttäri 1984; Neubert 1984?????????????????????????????????????Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz??????????????????University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria????????????????Facultat de Traducció i Interpretació, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona???????????????????????Faculty of Humanities, Arts, Languages, and Education, London Metropolitan University???????????????????School of Translation and Interpretation, Faculty of Arts, University of Ottawa????????????????????????????????????????????????School of Area and Language Studies, University of North London????????????????????????Fox 2000; ?? 2002a; ?? 2002b; Kiraly 2003; Martinez & Hurtaso 2001????????????????????????????????Chris Shei??????????????“????????????????????????????????”???Chris Shei??2011?2?18???????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Adab 2000; Fox 2000; Shei 2005; Williams & Chesterman 2002??
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Colina 2003; Wordworth 2000??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Martinez?Hurtaso?2001??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Fox 2000; Martinez & Hurtaso 2001; Shei 2005???????????????????????????????????Fox?2000?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????“?????????”?translation with commentary dissertation model??????????????????????Williams & Chesterman 2002: 39???????????????????????????????????????????????????5000???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2002a??
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2007???? 2009??????? 2010????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????metacognition?????????????Flavell?1979??????Kluwe?1982??Brown?1987???????????“???”??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“?????”?
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1989??????????????????????????????????????????????1993???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????“??”???????????????????????????????????????????????????????
[??] Automotive
glass is also highlighted within the display. Ford installed solar tinted windows to reduce driver
glare and keep cabin temperatures and lighting at comfortable levels for
passengers. Viewers will see the color, texture, and thickness of this special
glass.
??????solar tinted windows ????????????“??????? / ????? / ????????????????? / ?????? / ???? / ???? / ??????? / ??????”???????????????????????????????“????”?????????“??????”????????????????????????????????????“???????”?“?????????????????”???????????????????????“solar tinted windows”????? [??]??????????????????????defining features????????“????”???????????solar?tinted window???????????
???solar tinted windows????????????????????????????????“solar”?“tinted”?“windows”?????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????solar tinted windows?????????????????????????????????????????????solar ?
tinted???????window????????????tinted ?
windows ???????????????tint?????????????????????The Carconnection.dom????????????????? tint??????? tinted window ????
Why tint?
Reduced
heat …
Reduced
glare and UV exposure …
Increased
security …
How is tinting done? —There are three major ways to achieve
tinted windows:
OEM
tinted glass is tinted within the glass, as part of the actual
glassmaking process. It lasts the life of the glass.
Film tinting is by far the most popular aftermarket
method. A thin tinted polymer film is applied very carefully to specially
prepared window glass. The film is available in many different shades of tint
and outward appearances, such as flat, reflective, metallic, or even mirrored …
Coating tinting applies a special tinted
solution to the existing glass, usually as a spray. This type of tint lasts much
longer than film tinting, though there are few shops who do it for automotive
glass because if properly done it requires removal of the window glass.
(Halvorson,
Bengt. [2006]. Tinting Windows. 2010?9?9????The Carconnection.dom ??: http://www.thecarconnection.com/tips-article/1004098_tinting-windows)
??????????????????tinting?????????(1) ????????????????(2) ???????????(3) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????tinted windows??“????”?“????? / ?????? / ????”?????????????????????????????????????“[?] ??”??????????????????????????????????????????????
???solar tinted windows??????????????solar?
(tinted) windows ??????????????????????solar ?tint(ed)
???????????????(to) tint a widow?????????? tint ???????a tinted window?????????a solar (tinted) window?????????solar ???????? (tinted) window????????solar??????? (tinted) window?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“????”????????????????????????????????????(a)“??/????????”? (b)“?????????”
?????????solar tinted windows??????????????????????
(1) windows tinted to reduce the
transmission of solar light through them
(2) tinted windows through which the
transmission of solar light can be electronically controlled
(3) tinted windows that can “concentrate”
or collect solar energy to generate electricity
?????????????????????????????????????
(1) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
(2) ???????????????????????solar tinted windows????????????????????????????????????????
?Google
??????????????“windows tinted to reduce the transmission of solar light through them”????????????????????????????The Carconnection.dom??????“tinting
windows”???????????????????????tinted
windows?window tinting?????????????????
?Google??????????????“tinted windows through which the transmission of solar light can be
electronically controlled”?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“smart” window????????smart
glass, switchable glass/windows???????????????
Smart windows are next-generation
windows that control light passage and increase energy efficiency of the room
in which they are a fixture without having to block the view that the windows
offer …
Various systems have been
tried over the years; some which showed promise had to be dropped reluctantly
when faced with practical realities. Photochromic [?????] systems, which darken windows when a
certain amount of light strikes it, were a promising technology until people
realized that this was perfect for the summer (photochromic systems
automatically darken windows in summer) but were impractical for winter (when
sunlight into a room can help in heating the place up. The same holds true for
thermotropic windows which react to heat. While perfect for summer, they can
also block out the view …
Liquid crystal windows follow the same basic approach ? applying a low voltage current to the smart
window causes it to become transparent; removing the current brings it back to
its ‘normal’ translucent (not opaque) state. Liquid crystal windows have only
two states ? transparent or translucent;
there is no ‘in-between’ stage.
A newer technology using electrochromic [?????] materials is a reverse of the SPD
approach ? in ‘no-voltage’ stage,
electrochromic windows are transparent but applying a current to the window
changes it to dark (opaque).
(2010?9?13????TopBitS.com Tech Community??: http://www.tech-faq.com/smart-windows.html)
?Google
??????????????“tinted windows that can ‘concentrate’ or
collect solar energy to generate electricity”???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????solar window????????, ?????????) ???????????????
Photovoltaïc windows not only provide a
clear view and illuminate rooms, but also use sunlight to efficiently help
generate electricity for the building. [6 MIT opens new
'window' on solar energy] In most cases, translucent photovoltaïc
cells are used. (Window. [n.d.]. In Wikipedia. 2010?9?9????: http://en.wikipedia.org)
Imagine windows that not only provide a
clear view and illuminate rooms, but also use sunlight to efficiently help
power the building they are part of. MIT engineers report a new approach to
harnessing the sun's energy that could allow just that. The work, to be
reported in the July 11 issue of Science, involves the creation of a novel
“solar concentrator.” “Light is collected over a large area [like a window] and
gathered, or concentrated, at the edges,” explains Marc A. Baldo, leader of the work and the Esther and Harold E. Edgerton Career
Development Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering. As a result, rather
than covering a roof with expensive solar cells (the semiconductor devices that
transform sunlight into electricity), the cells only need to be around the
edges of a flat glass panel. In addition, the focused light increases the
electrical power obtained from each solar cell “by a factor of over 40,” Baldo
says. Because the system is simple to manufacture, the team believes that it
could be implemented within three years?even added onto existing
solar-panel systems to increase their efficiency by 50 percent for minimal
additional cost. That, in turn, would substantially reduce the cost of solar
electricity. (Thomson, Elizabeth A. [July, 2008]. MIT opens new ‘window’ on
solar energy. 2010?9?9????MIT News: http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/solarcells-0710.html)
solar tinted windows ?????????????????????????????????????????tinted windows through which the transmission of solar light can be
electronically controlled??????????windows tinted to reduce the transmission of solar light through them????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????tinted windows that can “concentrate” or collect solar energy to
generate electricity????????????????????????????????solar tinted windows?????????windows tinted to reduce the transmission of solar light through them??????????? The Carconnection.dom ???“tinting windows”??????????solar???tinted windows??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????solar tinted windows ???????“??????”???????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????solar tinted windows??????????????????????????solar tinted windows???????????????????????????????????????——????????????????——???solar?tinted????????????windows?????????????????windows?????????????????????????????????subject knowledge????tint???????????????????????tinted?windows??????????????????????????solar?windows????????????solar????????????windows??????????????????solar (tinted) windows???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Williams & Chesterman [2002: 8] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????solar? (tinted) windows?????????????solar???????????????solar????????????????????????????windows???????????????????????????“????????????????????????”?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [??]???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????solar?tinted windows??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????solar? (tinted) windows????????????????????????????????“?????????????????????”????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????tinted windows???????????“??????????????????????”??????????????????????????????tinting????????????????????????“?????????????????????????????”????????????????????????????????“??”?“??”?????????????tinting????????????????????tinting????????????tinting???????????????tinting??????????????????????????tinted windows??“????”?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
“????????????????????????????????????????……?????????????????????????????????????”???1999: 56?
????????Emma Wagner????????????????“??????????????????????????????????”?Chesterman & Wagner 2006: 133???????????internalize???????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????“???”??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????solar??????????windows?????“??????????????????????????????????”????????????????????????????????????solar?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????tinted windows??“????? / ???? / ????”????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“???????????????????????????????”?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
[1] Adab, Beverly. 2000.
Evaluating translation competence [C]// C. Schäffner
& B. Adab. Developing translation
competence. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins: 213-228.
[2] Bly, R. 1984. The Eight stages
of translation [C]// W. Frawley. Translation:
Literary, linguistic and philosophical perspectives. Newark: University of
Delaware Press & London, England: Associated University Presses: 67-89.
[3] Brown, A. L. 1987.
Metacognition, executive control, self-regulation, and other more mysterious
mechanisms [C]// F. E. Weinert & R. H. Kluwe. Metacognition, motivation, and understanding. Hillsdale, New
Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: 65-116.
[4] Colina, S. 2003. Translation teaching: From research to the classroom: A handbook for teachers [M]. Boston Burr Ridge etc.: McGraw-Hill.
[5] Flavell, J. H. 1979. Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive developmental inquiry [J]. American Psychologist 34: 906-911.
[6] Fox,
O. 2000. The use of diaries in a process-oriented translation teaching methodology
[C]// C. Schäffner & B. Adab. Developing
translation
competence. Amsterdam,
Philadelphia: John Benjamins: 115-130.
[7] Halvorson, Bengt. 2006. Tinting windows [EB/OL]. [2010-9-9]. http://www.thecarconnection.com/tips-article/1004098_tinting-windows.
[8] Holz-Mänttäri, Justa. 1984. Translatorisches Handeln. Theorie und Methode
[M]. Helsinki,
Finland: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
[9] Kiraly, D. C. 1997.
Think-aloud protocols and the construction of a professional translator
self-concept. [C]// J. H. Danks et al.. Cognitive
processes in translation and interpreting. Thousand
Oaks, CA:
Sage Publications: 137-160.
[10] Kiraly, D. C. 2003. A passing fad or the promise of a paradigm shift in translator education?
[C]// B. James & S. K. Geoffrey. Beyond
the ivory tower: Rethinking translation pedagogy. Amsterdam, Philadelphia:
John Benjamins: 3-32.
[11] Kluwe.
R. H.
1982. Cognitive knowledge and executive control: Metacognition [C]// D.
Griffin. Human mind-animal mind. New
York, NY: Springer: 201-224.
[12] Martinez, N., & Hurtaso,
A. 2001. Assessment in translation studies: Research needs [J]. Meta, 46 (2): 272-287.
[13] Neubert,
Albrecht.
1984. Textbound translation teaching [C]// W. Wilss & G. Thome. Die Theorie des Übersetzens und ihr
Aufschlußwert für die Übersetzungs- und Dolmetschdidaktik. Tübingen, Germany: Gunther
Narr: 61-70.
[14] Shei, C. 2005. Translation commentary: A happy medium
between translation and EAP [J]. System (33):
309-325.
[15] Smart windows. [EB/OL].
[2010-9-13]. http://www.tech-faq.com/smart-windows.html.
[16] Thomson, Elizabeth A. 2008. MIT opens new ‘window’ on solar energy [EB/OL]. [2010-9-9?]. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/solarcells-0710.html.
[17] Williams, J. &
Chesterman, A. 2002. The MAP. A beginner’s guide to doing research in translation studies [M]. Manchester, UK: St. Jerome Publishing.
[18] Window. [EB/OL]. [2010-9-9]. http://en.wikipedia.org.
[19] ??. 1989. ????[J].??????????(1): 68-74.
[20] ??. 2002a. ??????????????????????[J].??????(4): 59-66.
[21] ??. 2002b. ??????????????????????[J].??????(6): 45-51.
[22] ??. 2007. ??????——???????????[J].?????????(4): 47-50.
[23] ??. 1999.?????????[M]. ????????????.
[24] ???. 2009. ????????: ????????[J].??????(3) : 44-49.
[25] ???. 1993. ???????????????????[J].?????????(3) : 61-66.
[26] ???, ??. 2010. ????????????????——???????????????????????[J].???????????(1): 84-89.
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210093 ????????? ??
210046 ?????????????? ???
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