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        1  The United States celebrated the first Earth Day in 1970.  Since then increased environmental awareness in the United States has led to many legal and social changes (to protect the environment).

        Organic farming has gained popularity as it emphasizes working with nature through crop rotations and crop diversity, and providing habitat for beneficial organisms, rather than using agrichemical inputs such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.

        1970??????????????????????????????????????????????

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Tape I-16 01.36.32-01.37.02, Kathleen Merrigan (30”12)

        2  Organic farming is management- and labor-intensive, but farmers can receive higher prices for organic products.  American consumers have shown they are willing to pay more for products they perceive as being produced by environmentally sound methods.  Over the last three decades, U.S. farmers have suffered from fluctuations in the market for traditional agricultural crops, problems felt most keenly by smaller farmers.  By converting to organic production, small farmers have found an opportunity to remain profitable.

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        3  Although it still represents only 2% of US agriculture, demand for organic products has increased.

        ????????????????2%????????????????????

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        4  With organic food, you don’t have quite as many kinds of preservatives and artificial things.  Not that I know that everything that’s natural is always good for you. But I do know that I enjoy the taste of the food grown organically. 00.41.19-00.41.40 (21’) (Consumer)

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        ?????????????????.?????????????. 00.41.19-00.41.40, Consumer

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        5  More people are aware of that they consume is what they become. Business will be getting better. In the past fifteen years we have been in business, the trend is growing very rapidly. Especially people who are educated, who are aware of what is going on, those people are our key customers. (Organic Store Manager, YES Organic Market)

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        6  Congress passed the Organic Food Production Act of 1990 to: (1) Establish national standards governing the marketing of certain agricultural products as organically produced products; (2) assure consumers that organically produced products meet a consistent standard; and (3) facilitate commerce in fresh and processed food that is organically produced. Through this Act, the National Organic Standards Board was assembled to help USDA write the regulation.

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        7  Producing the national standards has been a long process.  The first version of the law was released in 1997 and generated a USDA record number of over 275,000 comments.  Final standards for the production, handling, and processing of organically grown agricultural products were officially announced by the USDA in December, 2000.  The standards include requirements for every aspect of agricultural production, including crop rotations, composting animal welfare, and record-keeping.  They prohibit the use of genetic engineering, sewage sludge, irradiation, and most synthetic chemicals in organic production, including hormones or growth-promoting antibiotics in livestock production.  Organically-produced seeds and transplants are required for crops, and organically-produced feed for livestock.

        These standards establish a clear labeling criteria for organic production.  Consumers who buy food with the USDA organic seal can be assured that it was produced according to these rules — thus justifying the higher price.  While some consumers have views that organic food is more “healthy” or “safe”, the USDA organic label only guarantees the method of production.  There is not sufficient scientific evidence to prove organic food is more healthy.

        ????????????????????????????1997?????????USD???????????275?000?????2000?12??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

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        8  One of the most active NGOs in this field is the Organic Agriculture Research Foundation.

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        9  The organic growers could not find the information they needed from their local extension. So here, in California, it’s particularly (serious) need for the type of information that it was not being provided by government or by the system. So they founded this organization to provide that kind of information. (Jane Sooby, Technical Program Coordinator, Organic Farming Research Foundation)

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        Tape 1-2   16.59.20 — 16.59.44),

        Jane Sooby, Organic Farming Research Foundation

        Judy Low, Organic Farmer

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       10  The Organic Farming Research Foundation evaluates organic reports to ensure that information included is factual.  These reports are then made available through the foundation’s website.  An interested individual must simply scan the listed titles and request accompanying information for specified articles. 

        There is also a newsletter with report summaries that goes out approximately three times a year to about 9,000 people. Anybody who wants to sign up can get a copy of the newsletter for free. 

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        11  Accompanied by Jane, we visited Judy Low, an organic farmer of Molino Creek Farms in Davenport, California — a farming cooperative.  Judy told us that organic farming is more expensive because it is labor intensive and many things have to be done by hand. She said that she has to buy beneficial insects and organic fertilizer, which also makes the cost of her production more expensive than conventional farming. Even though Judy’s produce is 20-25% more expensive Judy’s cooperative has many regular customers who appreciate the quality of the cooperative’s  produce.   Because of the commitment by customers, farms like Judy’s have been able to survive the competition with conventional farming

        ??????, ????????????????Molino Creek????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????20%-25%???????????????????????????????????????????????????

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        12  Organic farmers in the United States have been research pioneers — out in the field experimenting on their own with no government assistance. Recently, universities and the Federal laboratories have become more involved in research to support organic farming.

        Today farmers and research institutions are working together to improve the scientific base of organic and sustainable agriculture. 20’

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        Tape 1-16, 01.16.34-01.16.55 (21”08Kathleen Merrigan, Agriculture Marketing Service, Administrator

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        13  Professor Kathleen Delate showed us a couple of field plots when we visited with her at Iowa State University. This plot of land is one of their 13 organic agriculture experiment projects. This particular plot was started in conjunction with 2 NGOs, both of which wanted more scientific information about organic systems. Here, Dr. Delate is comparing the cost and benefit between organic farming and conventional farming.

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        14  We asked Dr. Delate her opinion on the economic sustainability of organic farming 1-23 06.05.20-05.50

        Well our research has shown that not to be true? We have gotten similar yields in the organic crops as in the conventional chemical crops. So yes under poor management or under poor resource base you may not get equal yields in the organic system, but that just shows that it's a management intensive system (Dr. Kathleen Delate, Professor of Organic Production, Iowa State University)

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        15  It is possible to make a profit from organic farming. Dr. Delate found that over a 4-year rotation system which includes oats, alfalfa, corn, and soybeans, the organic system was more profitable than the conventional system.  In fact, the organic system averaged $100 more an acre profit.

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        16  Basically, the expansion of organic agriculture depends on access to markets.  To gain better market access, many progressive organic farmers formed cooperatives.

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        17  In 1992 twelve growers, framers, joined together to establish this cooperative to pool our grains together and sell them to processors. It was easier to band together than to sell individually. Also, we were able to establish a method of payment to the cooperative and recover any losses that might incur by individually trying to collect money from the processors. So since that time, since 1992 we’ve grown to approximately 200 members. (Jim Boes, Heartland Organic Marketing Coop)

        1992??12??????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????92??????????????200???

        Kathleen Delate, Iowa state University

        Jim Boes, Heartland Organic Marketing Coop

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        18  This coop markets organic products, such as soybeans, corn and other small grains.  In addition to complying with state organic regulations in Iowa, the Heartland Organic Marketing Cooperatives products are certified by two worldwide private organizations: Organic Crop Improvement Association, and the Farm Verified Organic. 

        If a consumer in a grocery store wants to know for sure that the product that he is buying is certified organic he/she can trace the lot number on the package to the farm where the product/ingredients were grown.  Only those farms which are inspected by an approved independent certification organization and determined to be using organic practices can carry the organic label.

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