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中文
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场记
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1 The
United States celebrated the first Earth Day in 1970. Since then
increased environmental awareness in the United States has led to many legal
and social changes (to protect the environment).
Organic
farming has gained popularity as it emphasizes working with nature through
crop rotations and crop diversity, and providing habitat for beneficial
organisms, rather than using agrichemical inputs such as chemical
fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.
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1970年，美国庆祝了第一个地球日。从那以后，随着环境意识的不断增强，很多立法和社会形态发生了改变。
有机农业由于不使用诸如化学肥料、杀虫剂、除草剂之类的农业化学物质，强调注重循环种植、植物多样化这样的自然耕种方式，提供有益的有机物，因而越来越受欢迎。
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Tape I-16 01.36.32-01.37.02, Kathleen Merrigan
(30”12)
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2 Organic
farming is management- and labor-intensive, but farmers can receive higher
prices for organic products. American consumers have shown they are
willing to pay more for products they perceive as being produced by environmentally
sound methods. Over the last three decades, U.S. farmers have suffered
from fluctuations in the market for traditional agricultural crops, problems
felt most keenly by smaller farmers. By converting to organic
production, small farmers have found an opportunity to remain profitable.
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有机农业是管理和劳动密集型产业，但是，有机农产品的价格比较高。美国消费者意向表明：他们愿意多花一些钱买他们认为是通过正确的环保方法生产的食品。在过去三十年中，由于传统农业市场波动的影响，美国农民特别是小农场主受到很大冲击。通过向有机农业的转型，小农场经找到了继续赢利的机会。
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1- 9
2-13
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03:45:47:01-03:45:58:18
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3 Although
it still represents only 2% of US agriculture, demand for organic products has increased.
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虽然有机农业仅仅进占了美国农业的2%，但市场对有机农产品的需求量在不断增加。
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1-9
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00:44:14:05-00:44:16:17
00:42:13:13-00:42:21:22
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4 With
organic food, you don’t have
quite as many kinds of preservatives and artificial things. Not that I
know that everything that’s
natural is always good for you. But I do know that I enjoy the taste of the
food grown organically. 00.41.19-00.41.40 (21’)
(Consumer)
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有了有机食品，你就不会吃很多添加防腐剂的食品及人造食品。
不仅仅是因为我相信越自然就是越好的.而且的确有机食品的味道很好.
00.41.19-00.41.40, Consumer
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1-9
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00:44:45:06-00:44:48:13
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5 More people are aware of that they consume
is what they become. Business will be getting better. In the past fifteen
years we have been in business, the trend is growing very rapidly. Especially
people who are educated, who are aware of what is going on, those people are
our key customers. (Organic Store Manager, YES Organic Market)
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当越来越多的人意识到他们的消费品会影响自身的时候，生意就会越来越好。过去的15年中，我们一直在做生意，发现这种趋势正迅速增长。那些受过良好教育、环境意识较强的人是我们的主要顾客。
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1-9
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00:40:10:12-00:40:19:03
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6 Congress
passed the Organic Food Production Act of 1990 to: (1) Establish national
standards governing the marketing of certain agricultural products as
organically produced products; (2) assure consumers that organically produced
products meet a consistent standard; and (3) facilitate commerce in fresh and
processed food that is organically produced. Through this Act, the National
Organic Standards Board was assembled to help USDA write the regulation.
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1990年，美国国会通过了“1990有机食品生产法”，规定：①建立调控有机农产品这类特定产品生产的国家标准。②向消费者保证有机农产品符合稳定的标准。③促进有机农产品原料及其加工产品的贸易发展。这一法令是美国农业部在国家有机标准委员帮助下撰写的。
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00:06:34:10-00:06:37:12
04:01:51:23-04:01:54:13
00:43:35:09-00:43:37:09
00:18:12:18-00:18:15:07
00:00:59:23-00:01:06:16
00:25:30:22-00:25:33:10
00:00:00:00-00:00:04:18
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7 Producing
the national standards has been a long process. The first version of
the law was released in 1997 and generated a USDA record number of over
275,000 comments. Final standards for the production, handling, and
processing of organically grown agricultural products were officially
announced by the USDA in December, 2000. The standards include
requirements for every aspect of agricultural production, including crop
rotations, composting animal welfare, and record-keeping. They prohibit
the use of genetic engineering, sewage sludge, irradiation, and most
synthetic chemicals in organic production, including hormones or
growth-promoting antibiotics in livestock production.
Organically-produced seeds and transplants are required for crops, and organically-produced
feed for livestock.
These
standards establish a clear labeling criteria for organic production.
Consumers who buy food with the USDA organic seal can be assured that it was
produced according to these rules — thus justifying the higher price. While some
consumers have views that organic food is more “healthy” or “safe”, the USDA organic label only
guarantees the method of production. There is not sufficient scientific
evidence to prove organic food is more healthy.
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制定这些国家标准是一个长期的过程。这个法令的第一个版本在1997年发行，并创造了在USD美国农业部中评语数超过275，000条的纪录。2000年12月，农业部正式公布了有机农产品生产、处理和加工的最终标准。这些标准包括农业生产各方面的要求，像庄稼循环种植、动物堆肥安全和过程纪录。他们禁止在有机生产中使用基因工程技术、废水污泥、放射性物质以及大部分的化学合成物，同时禁止在家禽蓄养中使用荷尔蒙或助长素。庄稼需要用原种和移植栽培，家禽则要用原种喂养。
这些条例为有机食品生产建立了一个清楚的标准。消费者只要购买有美国农业部标签的有机食品就能确定这些食品的生产确实遵守了这些规则。这些食品的价格也较高。尽管很多消费者认为有机食品更健康更安全，美国农业部标签只能认证其生产方法，还没有充分的科学证据表明有机食品更健康。
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2-9
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1-24
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00:51:32:22-00:51:38:13
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00:37:51:21-00:37:55:12
00:40:55:24-00:41:00:17
00:39:21:22-00:39:25:10
PICTURE WILL CHANGE TO MATCH NEW TEXT
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8 One of the most active NGOs in this field
is the Organic Agriculture Research Foundation.
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“有机农业研究基金会” 是美国民间组织中最活跃的组织之一.
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1-2
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16:57:05:20-16:57:12:17
17:24:58:22-17:25:02:24
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9 The organic growers could not find the
information they needed from their local extension. So here, in California,
it’s particularly
(serious) need for the type of information that it was not being provided by
government or by the system. So they founded this organization to provide
that kind of information. (Jane Sooby, Technical Program Coordinator, Organic
Farming Research Foundation)
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从事有机农业的农民很难从当地获取他们需要的信息。特别是在加州这样的农业区，农民们又急需得到这方面的帮助，所以,
他们建立了这样一个组织为农民提供这类信息。
Tape
1-2 16.59.20 — 16.59.44),
Jane Sooby,
Organic Farming Research Foundation
Judy Low,
Organic Farmer
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1-2
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17:19:46:18-17:19:51:23
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10 The
Organic Farming Research Foundation evaluates organic reports to ensure that
information included is factual. These reports are then made available
through the foundation’s
website. An interested individual must simply scan the listed titles
and request accompanying information for specified articles.
There is also a newsletter with report summaries that goes
out approximately three times a year to about 9,000 people. Anybody who wants
to sign up can get a copy of the newsletter for free.
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有机农业研究基金会对有机农业方面的报告进行评估，以确保信息的准确性。这些信息发布在基金会的网站上以供查询。想获得有关信息的人，只要浏览列出的标题，就能从相关文章中获取有关消息。
他们还提供信息概要的时事传报，每年大概发布3次，9000人。任何想要资料的人都能免费得到一份。
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1-2
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17:17:52:02-17:18:01:24
16:57:32:19-16:57:37:08
17:23:45:05-17:23:52:10
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11 Accompanied by Jane, we visited Judy Low,
an organic farmer of Molino Creek Farms in Davenport, California — a farming
cooperative. Judy told us that organic farming is more expensive
because it is labor intensive and many things have to be done by hand. She
said that she has to buy beneficial insects and organic fertilizer, which
also makes the cost of her production more expensive than conventional
farming. Even though Judy’s
produce is 20-25% more expensive Judy’s
cooperative has many regular customers who appreciate the quality of the
cooperative’s
produce. Because of the commitment by customers, farms like Judy’s have been able to survive the
competition with conventional farming
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在珍的陪同下,
我们拜访了朱迪，她是加州达文波特Molino
Creek农场合作社有机农场的场主。朱迪告诉我们，由于劳动力密集，很多工作要手工完成，有机耕种比较贵。她说她必须买进益虫和有机肥料，这使得产品成本比传统农业产品要高。尽管朱迪的产品要贵出20%-25%，还是因为产品质量好而有很多常客。因为得到顾客的认可，朱迪这样的农场可以在与传统农业的竞争中维持下去。
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1-2
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17:45:25:18-17:45:29:19
17:46:03:09-07:46:07:00
17:27:07:13-17:27:19:02
17:26:44:22-17:26:50:09
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12 Organic
farmers in the United States have been research pioneers — out in the field
experimenting on their own with no government assistance. Recently,
universities and the Federal laboratories have become more involved in
research to support organic farming.
Today farmers and research institutions are working
together to improve the scientific base of organic and sustainable
agriculture. 20’
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美国有机农业在缺少政府资助的情况下，在自己的农场上进行了弃而不舍的探索.最近，大学和政府实验室也投入了较多的研究来帮助有机农场主.现在，农场主和科研机构一起为提高有机可持续发展农业的科学基础而努力。
Tape 1-16,
01.16.34-01.16.55 (21”08Kathleen
Merrigan, Agriculture Marketing Service, Administrator
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1-16
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01:16:33:14-01:16:54:22
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13 Professor Kathleen Delate showed us a
couple of field plots when we visited with her at Iowa State University. This
plot of land is one of their 13 organic agriculture experiment projects. This
particular plot was started in conjunction with 2 NGOs, both of which wanted
more scientific information about organic systems. Here, Dr. Delate is
comparing the cost and benefit between organic farming and conventional
farming.
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参观爱荷华州立大学的时候,
凯瑟琳教授向我们展示了她的2个试验田.这块地是爱荷华大学13个有机农业实验项目之一.这片实验田是这个大学与两个个民间组织合作开发的。因为这些组织想获得更多有机体系的科学信息。在这里，Dr.
Delate用这两片地对比有机农业和常规农业在经济效益方面有什么不同.
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00:02:06:21-00:02:12:24
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14 We
asked Dr. Delate her opinion on the economic sustainability of organic
farming 1-23 06.05.20-05.50
Well our research has shown that not to be true。 We have gotten similar
yields in the organic crops as in the conventional chemical crops. So yes
under poor management or under poor resource base you may not get equal
yields in the organic system, but that just shows that it's a management
intensive system (Dr. Kathleen Delate, Professor of Organic Production, Iowa
State University)
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廖问：“有人说有机农业的收成往往不好，你认为呢？”
“我们的研究表明，那是一种误解。我们这片庄稼的有机产品产量就与常规化学农业的相当。当然如果管理不当或营养基础不牢，能取得这样的产量的。那也只能证明它是管理密集型体系”
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15 It is possible to make a profit from
organic farming. Dr. Delate found that over a 4-year rotation system which
includes oats, alfalfa, corn, and soybeans, the organic system was more
profitable than the conventional system. In fact, the organic system averaged
$100 more an acre profit.
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从有机农业中获利是有可能的。凯瑟琳教授发现，经过一个4年的种植循环，这包括燕麦，苜蓿，谷物和大豆。有机农业体系比传统农业体系更有利可图。事实上，有机农业系统每亩地可获利可超过100美金。
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1-23
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00:01:04:14-00:01:07:23
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16 Basically, the expansion of organic
agriculture depends on access to markets. To gain better market access,
many progressive organic farmers formed cooperatives.
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有机农业的发展前景取决于能否打入市场。为此，一些有眼光的有机农场主们成了联合体。
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24成立的起因00.08.50-09.20
(中间插画面)
17 In 1992 twelve growers, framers, joined
together to establish this cooperative to pool our grains together and sell
them to processors. It was easier to band together than to sell individually.
Also, we were able to establish a method of payment to the cooperative and
recover any losses that might incur by individually trying to collect money
from the processors. So since that time, since 1992 we’ve grown to approximately 200 members. (Jim Boes,
Heartland Organic Marketing Coop)
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1992年，12个农场主联合起来成立了合作社,把粮食集中起来出卖给加工厂。这比个人单独去找销路容易得多。同时我们建立了给合作社的付款方法，这样可弥补单人收款可能遇到的赖帐情况从92年以来，我们的成员已经发展到200多人。
Kathleen
Delate, Iowa state University
Jim Boes, Heartland
Organic Marketing Coop
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00:22:16:14-00:22:22:05
00:26:32:14-00:26:39:20
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18 This
coop markets organic products, such as soybeans, corn and other small
grains. In addition to complying with state organic regulations in
Iowa, the Heartland Organic Marketing Cooperatives products are certified by
two worldwide private organizations: Organic Crop Improvement Association,
and the Farm Verified Organic.
If a consumer in a grocery store wants to know for sure
that the product that he is buying is certified organic he/she can trace the
lot number on the package to the farm where the product/ingredients were
grown. Only those farms which are inspected by an approved independent
certification organization and determined to be using organic practices can
carry the organic label.
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这个消费合作社销售有机产品，比如大豆，谷物，其它小谷物。为配合爱荷华州有机产品管理规定制度，Heartland有机农产品销售合作社的产品通过了有机农产品促进会和有机农业认证这2个国际私人机构的认证
如果消费者想确认他想买的某种食品是不是经过认证的有机食品，他可以根据包装上提供的信息找到生产产品/原料的农场.只有通过经认可的独立认证组织检测，确定各生产环节为有机操作的农场，才能有有机产品标签
采访1-24
00:10:25-11:08
00:11:25-12.55
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00:21:57:16-00:22:00:16
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