CETa1  ????

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       ?????????????????????????????????????????????????{??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“??”?????????} ????????????????

       ?????????????????????????????????????????historicist [<historicism: 1. The attempt, found esp. among German historians since about 1850, to view all social and cultural phenomena, all categories, truths, and values, as relative and historically determined, and in consequence to be understood only by examining their historical context, in complete detachment from present-day attitudes. ????? 3. The belief that historical change occurs in accordance with laws, so that the course of history may be predicted but cannot be altered by human will; the resulting attitude to the social sciences, of regarding them as concerned mainly with historical prediction. ????? 4. Excessive regard for the institutions and values of the past; spec. in Architecture, the use of historical styles in design. ???? (Based on OED)] ?????“???????????????????????????? {???????????????????????????????????????????????????}???????????????????????????????????????????????”

Cultural Exchange

       In human history, cultural exchange began with the very emergence of civilization culture. Generally speaking [used to introduce a statement that is true in most cases but not always] Taken as a whole, human culture is the collective product of exchanges between and convergence [coming from different directions and meeting at the same point] of the cultures of all peoples and nations.

       Exchange promotes progress development. Any country or any nation can more or less benefit from exchange if it does not, for reasons subjective or objective, isolate itself from or shut its doors to the outside world chronically in seclusion [the state of keeping away from other people] / in an inaccessible/unenlightened state in a long period of time.

       In fact, there is not any innate [possessed at birth; inborn] / intrinsic [relating to essential nature of a thing; inherent] <purely indigenous> native civilization on earth that does not bear traces of external influences. A noted American history professor historian {?E. O. Reischauer, American historian, diplomat, educator, and a leading expert on Asian, particularly Japanese, affairs. (EB)} once wrote: “The civilization of any country is much more the product of external influences than of native invention. <the products stemmed from outside influences always outnumber domestic creations> If one reject/cancel/cut subtracted [to take a number or an amount from a larger number or amount (LDoCE)] {?????????} everything from the English culture that had foreign roots, proof or antecedents, {?????} the British culture will shrink to small amount there would be little left.” { ????????Reischauer, E. O., & Jansen, M. B., 1995, p.32. [The Japanese today: Change and continuity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press]?}