1. What is transfer? Illustrate positive language transfer and negative language transfer with examples.
2. What are theoretical CA and applied CA respectively concerned with?
3. Make a comparative reading of the different Chinese translations of the first line of Hamlet’s famous soliloquy in William Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet and judge if they do justice to the original. You are also encouraged to translate this line by yourself and state the reason for translating it your way.
To be,
or not to be, that is the Question:
(Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them? ...)
(Shakespeare. Hamlet. III i 56-60)
死后还是存在，还是不存在――这是问题；（梁实秋, Trans.）
生存还是不生存：就是这个问题：（曹禺, Trans.）
生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；（朱生豪, Trans.）
活下去还是不活：这是问题。（卞之琳, Trans.）
是存在还是消亡，问题的所在；（孙大雨, Trans.）
干，还是不干，这就是问题。（陈嘉, Trans.）
存在，还是毁灭，就这问题了。（林同济, Trans.）
4. What is meant by “interlingual level shifts” or “level crossings”? Why may they be necessary in contrastive analysis?
5. What do we mean when we say that CA can predict errors? Error analysis distinguishes two types of errors: interlingual errors and intralingual errors. What type of errors can CA be reasonably expected to predict