?????????????????????2000·?????

 

???????

 

????????  ??

 

Criteria for Comparison in Grammatical Contrastive Analysis

 

Ke Ping

 

 

? ?

        ???????????????????????????????????????——???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

        ????????????????????????

 

 

        ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????James, 1980:169??????????????????????constant???????????variables??????????????????????tertium comparationis????TC?????????????

        ?????????????????????????????????????????——?????????????????????——????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????James?1980??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

 

1  ????

        ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

 

The satellite will not be launched until October.

 

        ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

 

(NEGATIVE) someone (FUTURE TENSE) launch the satellite until October (PASSIVE).

 

        ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????base component????????????????transformational rules???????????????transformational component??

        ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

        ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????a??b????????????????????????????c??????????d??????????????????????a???????c?????b??

 

a? The postman opened the door.

b? Le facteur ouvrit la porte.

c? Le facteur a ouvert la porte.

d? The postman has opened the door.

 

????????????????????????????????????????????James, 1980:170-1??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

 

2  ????

        ????????????????????????????Chomsky??????????????????????????????Chomsky?????????????????????

        ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

        ????????????????????????????????????????

        ?????????????????????????

        ??????????????????????????????“The dog bit the man”[???]?“The man bit the dog”[???]?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

        ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????a??b???????????????????????????????????

 

1      a?To find the fossils of a dinosaur is exciting.

        b?It is exciting to find the fossils of a dinosaur.

2      a?There's a hole in my bucket.

        b?My bucket has a hole in it.

 

        ??????????????????????????????????

 

3      a?John is easy to please.

        b?John is eager to please.

 

        ?????????????????????????????????????????“??????”????????????????????????????????????????????

        ??????Chomsky??????????????????——????????????????????????????Chomsky?????????????????????????????NP??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1a??1b?????????????????????????1a????????“??”????????????????????????“???”??“it”?????1b???????????????3a??3b?????????????????????3a???????????“SOMEBODY”?3b?????????“John”?

        ????????????????????????????????

        ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

 

4      a?For Mary to sing the song was hard.

        b?The song was hard for Mary to sing.

        c?Mary was hard to sing the song.

        d?It was hard for Mary to sing the song.

 

?????????????????????????????????????4a??????????????????????????????????????????????4b???????????????????4c????????????????4d???????????????????????????????

        ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

 

        A big-game hunter was showing a charming young lady the skin of a lion that he had shot. "One night," he explained, "I heard the roar of a lion: I jumped out of bed, raised my gun, took careful aim and shot it in my pajamas."

        "Good heavens," the young lady exclaimed, "How ever did it get into your pajamas?"

 

???????????“I, who was in pajamas, shot the lion.”[???????????]????????????“I shot the lion, which was in my pajamas”[???????????]??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

 

        ??????????????????????????????????????Chomsky?????????????????????????????????“????”?????20??60??????????????????????“????”??????????????????????????????????????????????????????“?”??

        ???????????????: ??????“????”?“infrastructure”????????????????????????????????????????????????“????”?“profound structure”?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

        “???”????????????????????????????????

 

   

?

??????S—sentence???????P—proposition???????M—modality????P????“??”?M??????negation?????tense?????mood?????aspect?????????????P????????????????????????“?”?????????Agentive?????objective??????instrumental?????dative??????locative????????factive?causative?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????a???????b????????

 

 a?John painted the old kitchen chair red. ?paint??????

 b?John painted a controversial portrait of President Clinton. ?paint??????

 

        ????????????“????”???????“?”????????????????????????????“???”??——?????“???”?case-frame?——??????????????????????a??d???“open”???

 

a?The door opened.  [O]

b?John opened the door.  [O + A]

c?The wind opened the door.  [O + I]

d?John opened the door with a chisel.  [O + I + A]

 

        ????????????????????????????????????????????????

        Chomsky?1967:80????“????????????????????????????????? …… ???????????????????????????”??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????James, 1980:171?

        ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

        ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

 

Le facteur a ouvert la porte.

The door was opened by the postman.

 

?????????????????????????????????????James?1980:174??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“What did the postman do?”????????????????????????????“What happened to the door?”???????????

        ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????——?????

 

3  ????

        ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

        ?????????????????????????????????????1?L1????2?L2??“????”????????????????????????????L1??????L2???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Le Rouge et le Noir?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

        ????????????????????????Chomsky?1965:16????????????“?????????????????????????”?????????????????????????????James, 1980:175??

        ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“Didn't you go to school today?”??????????????????????????“Yes”?????????????“No”??????????????????“?????????”????????????????“No”??????????????“Yes”?????????????????“???‘Yes’????‘No’??????‘No’????‘Yes’???????”?????????????

        ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Halliday, 1970?????????????????????????Halliday???“????”?“????”?James, 1980:178??

        ?????????????????????????Ke, 1996:75-81???????????????????????

        ?1??????ideational meaning???????referential meaning?????????????????????????????????????????????????????

        ?2???????????pragmatic meaning???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

        ?3???????????intralingual meaning??????????????????????????????????????????????????????

        ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Newmark, 1988:207?????????????????????????????????????????????

        ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

        ??????????????????L1?L2??????????????Newmark ???“???”????????????????????????????????????????????

        ????“??????”?????????“????”?????????????????????????????L2????????????

 

deed/level

 

“???????????”

???????????????????, ???????????

 

????????????

???????????? ??·????1021-1086???????

 

        ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

 

        ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

 

 

????

 

Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

__. 1967. The general properties of language. In C.H. Millikan & F.L. Darley (Eds.), Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech and Language. New York: Grune & Stratton. 73-88.

Halliday, M.A.K. 1970. Language structure and language function. In J. Lyons (Ed.), New Horizons in Linguistics. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin.

James, Carl. 1980. Contrastive Analysis. Harlow, Essex: Longman Group UK Limited.

Ke, Ping. 1996. A socio-semiotic approach to meaning in translation. Babel 42: 2. 74-83.

__. 1999. ??. Contrastive Linguistics. ??: ?????????. 271pp.

Newmark, Peter. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall.

Richards, Jack et al. (Eds.). 1985. Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. Harlow, Essex: Longman.

Ullmann, S. 1962/1983. Semantics. An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

 

???. 1988. ?????????.?????. 1988, No.1, 53-56.

??? ?. 1992.??????????. ??: ??????????.

???. 1992.?????????. ??: ?????????.

 

 

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